Background Abstract Specific breast milk nutrients may work together to influence cognitive abilities of 6-month-old infants 4 minutes PDF Download PDF Breast milk concentrations of DHA, choline, and lutein were analyzed when infants were 3-4 months of age. Recognition memory was measuredby event-related potential (ERP)^ test when infants were 6 months of age. Key preliminary findings were (i) higher DHA levels with higher choline levels in breast milk were related to better recognition memory, and (ii) higher choline levels with higher lutein levels in breast milk were related to better recognition memory. Reference Martinez. Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J Pediatr.1992;120 (4Pt 2):S129-38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition: report of an expert consultation. Food and Nutrition Paper 91, 2010. Accessed September 11, 2015 at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1953e.pdf. Birch, et al. The DIAMOND Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of DHA. AJCN. 2010;91(4):848-859. Drover, et al. Cognitive function in 18-month-old term infants of the DIAMOND study: a randomized, controlled clinical trial with multiple dietary levels of DHA. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(3):223-230. Anderson, et al. Proceedings: Polyunsaturated fatty acids of photo receptor membranes. Exp Eye Res. 1974;18(3):205-213. Zeisel. Nutritional importance of choline for brain development. AJCN. 2004;23(6):S621-S626. Alves-Rodrigues, et al. The science behind lutein. HYPERLINK “http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15068825” Toxicol Lett. 2004;150(1): 57-83. Vishwanathan et al. Lutein and preterm infants with decreased concentration of brain carotenoids. JPGN. 2014;59:659-665. DeLong, et al. Molecular distinction of phosphatidylcholine synthesis between the CDP-choline pathway and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:29683–29688. Watkins, et al. Phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity and dietary choline regulate liver-plasma lipid flux and essential fatty acid metabolism in mice. J Nutr. 2003;133:3386–3391. Li, et al. Choline redistribution during adaptation to choline deprivation. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:10283–10289. West, et al. Choline intake influences phosphatidylcholine DHA enrichment in nonpregnant women but not in pregnant women in the third trimester. AJCN. 2013;97(4):7 1 8 -727. Yan, et al. Maternal choline supplementation programs greater activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway in adult Ts65Dn trisomic mice. The FASEB J. 2014;28(10):4312-4323. Wurtman. Synapse formation and cognitive brain development: effect of docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary constituents. Metabolism. 2008;57:S6–S10. Craciunescu, et al. Choline availability during embryonic development alters progenitor cell mitosis in developing mouse hippocampus. J Nutr. 2003;133(11):3614-3618. Bazan, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid signalolipidomics in nutrition: significance in aging, neuroinflammation, macular degeneration, alzheimer’s, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Nutr. 2011;31:321–51. Götz, et al. Oxidative stress: free radical production in neural degeneration. HYPERLINK “http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7972344” Pharmacol Ther. 1994;63(1):37-122. Arnal, et al. Lutein and docosahexaenoic acid prevent cortex lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat cerebral cortex.” Neuroscience. 2010;166(1):271-278. Sachan, et al. Decreasing oxidative stress with choline and carnitine in women. AJCN. 2005;24(3):172-176. Jiang, et al. Choline inadequacy impairs trophoblast function and vascularization in cultured human placental trophoblasts. HYPERLINK “http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Choline+inadequacy+impairs+trophoblast+function+and+vascularization+in+cultured+human+placental+trophoblasts” J Cell Physiol. 2014; 229(8):1016-1027. Locked On FAB action liks Share Messenger WhatsApp Copy Link Search On Register Off Save (for later) On Share it